Pakistan’s central bank purchased USD 7.76 bln from the FX market between June 2024 and May 2025 to stabilize reserves and the exchange rate. Interventions peaked above USD 1 bln in some months, including USD 522 mln in May 2025. Reserves rose from USD 9.4 bln in June 2024 to USD 11.5 bln by May 2025, supported by multilateral inflows, maintaining buffers above USD 10 bln despite external repayments.